Red Army forces had advanced almost 200 miles in some areas, at the cost of more than a half-million casualties. By the end of March 1942, the Soviet offensive had run its course. On the night of December 5, STAVKA (the Soviet Supreme Command) launched a massive offensive that drove the Germans back from the gates of Moscow. Then came the snow and the cold-a paralyzing cold that was claimed as the worst in a hundred years. Adolf Hitler’s seemingly invincible armies, having advanced hundreds of miles inside the Soviet Union, were slowed by the October muddy season that had turned all but a few roads into almost impassible quagmires. During the winter of 1941, both the Red Army and the German Wehrmacht experienced a terrifying bloodletting.
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